how long did the battle of passchendaele last

After a short bombardment on 20 and 21 January 1916, the 7th Division charged the Ottoman lines. On 21 March, he wrote to Nivelle that it would take two months to prepare the offensive from Messines to Steenstraat but that the Messines operation could be ready in five or six weeks. Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates. The eventual capture of what little remained of Passchendaele village by British and Canadian forces on 6 November finally gave Haig an excuse to call off the offensive and claim success. He suggested that the southern attack from St Yves to Mont Sorrel should come first and that Mont Sorrel to Steenstraat should be attacked within 48–72 hours. 2017 marks a century since the Battle of Passchendaele. [162] On 13 April, Plumer agreed to a retirement in the south side of the salient to a line from Mt Kemmel to Voormezeele [2.5 mi (4.0 km) south of Ypres], White Château [1 mi (1.6 km) east of Ypres] and Pilckem Ridge. In the moonlight, the Germans had seen the British troops when they were still 200 yd (180 m) away. For the soldiers who fought at Passchendaele, it was known as the ‘Battle of Mud’. [5], Minor operations took place in the Ypres salient in 1916, some being German initiatives to distract the Allies from the preparations for the offensive at Verdun and later attempts to divert Allied resources from the Battle of the Somme. Read more. [166], One of the newest monuments to be dedicated to the fighting contribution of a group is the Celtic Cross memorial, commemorating the Scottish contribution to the fighting in Flanders during the Great War. [155] In 1997, Heinz Hagenlücke gave c. 217,000 German casualties. The British attacked towards Westroozebeke on the night of 1/2 December but the plan to mislead the Germans by not bombarding the German defences until eight minutes after the infantry began their advance came undone. [124], After numerous requests from Haig, Petain began the Battle of La Malmaison, a long-delayed French attack on the Chemin des Dames, by the Sixth Army (General Paul Maistre). [19] The wearing-out process would continue on a front where the Germans had no room to retreat. The commanders agreed on a strategy of simultaneous attacks, to overwhelm the Central Powers on the Western, Eastern and Italian fronts, by the first fortnight of February 1917. [67] The BEF had set up a Meteorological Section under Ernest Gold in 1915, which by the end of 1917 had 16 officers and 82 men. [21], The Russian army conducted the Kerensky Offensive in Galicia, to honour the agreement struck with the Allies at the Chantilly meeting of 15 to 16 November 1916. [149] In his 1977 work, Terraine wrote that the German figure ought to be increased because their statistics were incomplete and because their data omitted some lightly wounded men, who would have been included under British casualty criteria, revising the German figure by twenty per cent, which made German casualties 260,400. [137] In 1997, Paddy Griffith wrote that the bite and hold system kept moving until November, because the BEF had developed a workable system of offensive tactics, against which the Germans ultimately had no answer. Ypres was the principal town within a salient (or bulge) in the British lines and the site of two previous battles: First Ypres (October-November 1914) and Second Ypres (April-May 1915). [38] Loßberg rejected the proposed withdrawal to the Flandern line and ordered that the front line east of the Oosttaverne line be held rigidly. [76] The faster tempo of operations was intended to add to German difficulties in replacing tired divisions through the railway bottlenecks behind the German front. A mutually-costly attack by the Germans on 25 September, recaptured pillboxes at the south western end of Polygon Wood. [48] Major-General John Davidson, Director of Operations at GHQ, wrote in a memorandum that there was "ambiguity as to what was meant by a step-by-step attack with limited objectives" and suggested reverting to a 1,750 yd (1,600 m) advance on the first day to increase the concentration of British artillery. Yet Haig's decision to continue into November remains deeply controversial and the arguments, like the battle, seem destined to go on and on. [71], Petain had committed the French Second Army to an attack at Verdun in mid-July, in support of the Flanders offensive. Monday marks 100 years since the Battle of Passchendaele, ... Those who fought there included Harry Patch, the "Last Tommy" who died aged 111 in 2009. Since 1914 much of the drainage had been destroyed, though some parts were restored by land drainage companies from England. [157] Conditions in the salient improved with the completion of transport routes and the refurbishment of German pillboxes. The ruse failed, some British artillery-fire dropped short on the New Zealanders and the Germans engaged the attackers with small-arms fire from Polderhoek Spur and Gheluvelt ridge. Read more. United Kingdom and New Zealand servicemen who died after that date are named on the memorial at Tyne Cot Cemetery. Discover the battle of Passchendaele Memorial Museum Passchendaele 1917. ... T he commemorations will be preceded on the night before by the traditional Last … The film was shot over a period of forty-five days and involved over 200 actors, some of them Canadian Forces soldiers with combat experience in Afghanistan. Despite writing that 448,614 British casualties was the BEF total for the second half of 1917, Wolff had neglected to deduct 75,681 casualties for the Battle of Cambrai, given in the Official Statistics from which he quoted or "normal wastage", averaging 35,000 per month in "quiet" periods. The 7th Division commander objected, due to uncertainty about the situation and the many casualties suffered by the 21st Division on the right flank and Plumer changed his mind again. [122] On 18 October, Kuhl advocated a retreat as far to the east as possible; Armin and Loßberg wanted to hold on, because the ground beyond the Passchendaele watershed was untenable, even in winter. The British attacked in dry, clear conditions, with more aircraft over the battlefield for counter-attack reconnaissance, contact patrol and ground-attack operations. [127] The four divisions of the Canadian Corps had been transferred to the Ypres Salient from Lens, to capture Passchendaele and the ridge. Officially known as the Third Battle of Ypres, Passchendaele was a three-month battle which started on July 31 and ended on November 6 2017 … German counter-attacks were costly failures and on 28 September, Thaer wrote that the experience was "awful" and that he did not know what to do. Pilckem Ridge deprived the British of ground observation over the Steenbeek Valley, while the Germans could see the area from Passchendaele Ridge, allowing German infantry to be supported by observed artillery-fire. Few battles encapsulate World War One better than the Battle of Passchendaele. [79] The pause in British attacks misled the some of the German commanders and Thaer, the Chief of Staff of Gruppe Wijtschate, wrote that it was almost boring. The coastal strip is sandy but a short way into the hinterland, the ground rises towards the Vale of Ypres, which before 1914 was a flourishing market garden. Officially known as the Third Battle of Ypres, Passchendaele became infamous not only for the scale of casualties, but also for the mud. The ridge had woods from Wytschaete to Zonnebeke giving good cover, some being of notable size, like Polygon Wood and those later named Battle Wood, Shrewsbury Forest and Sanctuary Wood.   The Battle of Passchendaele, also known as the Third Battle of Ypres, has become known as one of New Zealand's greatest military disasters. In fewer than three hours, many units reached their final objectives and Passchendaele was captured. In an advance across 600 yards of flooded no-man's land, the British sustained 2,700 casualties. On the afternoon of 27 April, the south end of the Second Army outpost line was driven in near Voormezeele and another British outpost line was established north-east of the village. The French army was once more capable of the offensive. Constant shelling had churned the clay soil and smashed the drainage systems. Without the divisions necessary for a counter-offensive south of the Gheluvelt Plateau towards Kemmel Hill, Rupprecht began to plan for a slow withdrawal from the Ypres Salient, even at the risk of uncovering German positions further north and on the Belgian coast. Group Dixmude held 12 mi (19 km) with four front divisions and two Eingreif divisions, Group Ypres held 6 mi (9.7 km) from Pilckem to Menin Road with three front divisions and two Eingreif divisions and Group Wijtschate held a similar length of front south of the Menin road, with three front divisions and three Eingreif divisions. Nineteen huge mines were exploded simultaneously after they had been placed at the end of long tunnels under the German front lines. On July 31st, they officially launched the Third Battle of Ypres. [120] The German 195th Division at Passchendaele suffered 3,325 casualties from 9 to 12 October and had to be relieved by the 238th Division. The German submarine bases on the coast had not been captured but the objective of diverting the Germans from the French further south, while they recovered from the Nivelle Offensive in April, had succeeded. Counter-battery fire to suppress the British artillery was to be increased, to protect the Eingreif divisions as they advanced. [29] A study of weather data recorded at Lille, 16 mi (26 km) from Ypres from 1867–1916, published in 1989, showed that August was more often dry than wet, that there was a trend towards dry autumns (September–November) and that average rainfall in October had decreased since the 1860s. [27], Underneath the soil is London clay, sand and silt; according to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission categories of sand, sandy soils and well-balanced soils, Messines ridge is well-balanced soil and the ground around Ypres is sandy soil. [153] In 1959, Cyril Falls estimated 240,000 British, 8,525 French and 260,000 German casualties. [65], In Field Marshal Earl Haig (1929), Brigadier-General John Charteris, the BEF Chief of Intelligence from 1915 to 1918, wrote that. After discussions with Rawlinson and Plumer and the incorporation of Haig's changes, Macmullen submitted his memorandum on 14 February. [141] The experience of the failure to contain the British attacks at Ypres and the drastic reduction in areas of the western front that could be considered "quiet" after the tank and artillery surprise at Cambrai, left the OHL with little choice but to return to a strategy of decisive victory in 1918. It began on 31 July 1917 and continued through to 6 November 1917. The battle, better known simply as Passchendaele, has become a byword for senseless slaughter. [7] Sir Douglas Haig succeeded Sir John French as Commander-in-Chief of the BEF on 19 December. [126] The Germans had to withdraw from their remaining positions on the Chemin des Dames to the north of the Ailette Valley early in November. [153] Prior and Wilson, in 1997, gave British losses of 275,000 and German casualties at just under 200,000. Last survivor re-lives the horrors of Passchendaele. [6] The Germans conducted their own Flanders offensive at the Second Battle of Ypres (22 April – 15 May 1915), making the Ypres salient more costly to defend. There was much trench mortaring, mining and raiding by both sides and from January to May, the Second Army had 20,000 casualties. The artillery of VIII Corps and IX Corps on the southern flank, simulated preparations for attacks on Zandvoorde and Warneton. Loßberg disagreed, believing that the British would launch a broad front offensive, that the ground east of the Sehnenstellung was easy to defend and that the Menin road ridge could be held if it was made the Schwerpunkt (point of main effort) of the German defensive system. Kuhl concluded that the fighting strained German fighting power to the limit but that the German forces managed to prevent a breakthrough, although it was becoming much harder to replace losses. Reserve battalions moved back behind the artillery protective line and the Eingreif divisions were organised to intervene as swiftly as possible once an attack commenced, despite the risk of British artillery-fire. At the end of June, Haig added a division to II Corps (Lieutenant-General Claud Jacob) from the Second Army and next day, after meeting with Gough and General Herbert Plumer, the Second Army commander, Haig endorsed the Fifth Army plan. Belgium had been recognised in the Treaty of London (1839) as a sovereign and neutral state after the secession of the southern provinces of the Netherlands in 1830. At about 7:00 p.m., German infantry attacked behind a smokescreen and recaptured all but the north-west corner of the wood; only the 25th Division gains on Westhoek Ridge to the north were held. [105] After the costly failure of the methodical counter-attack ( Gegenangriff) on 1 October, the attack was put back to 4 October, rehearsals taking place from 2 to 3 October. Communication with the rear was lost and the Germans attacked all day but British SOS rockets remained visible and the attacks took no ground; after dark German attacks were repulsed by another three SOS barrages. New Zealand machine-gunners repulsed a counter-attack but the New Zealand infantry were 150 yd (140 m) short of the first objective; another attempt after dark was cancelled because of the full moon and the arrival of German reinforcements. German troops engaged were from the 239th, 39th, 4th, 44th Reserve, 7th, 11th, 11th Bavarian, 238th, 199th, 27th, 185th, 111th and 40th divisions. The British had 575 heavy and medium and 720 field guns and howitzers, more than double the quantity of artillery available at the Battle of Pilckem Ridge. On top of this, the possibility of a Russian withdrawal from the war threatened German redeployment from the Eastern front to increase their reserve strength dramatically. Matters of dispute by the participants, writers and historians since 1917 include the wisdom of pursuing an offensive strategy in the wake of the Nivelle Offensive, rather than waiting for the arrival of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in France. [51] The main attack, by II Corps across the Ghelveult Plateau to the south, confronted the principal German defensive concentration of artillery, ground-holding divisions (Stellungsdivisionen) and Eingreif divisions. Photo by, Aerial view of Passchendaele village before and after the battle, Terrain through which the Canadian Corps advanced at Passchendaele, in late 1917, Terrain at Passchendaele near where the Canadian Corps advanced, spring 2015, Tyne Cot Commonwealth War Graves Cemetery and Memorial to the Missing, German counter-attacks, 30 September – 4 October, Local operations, December 1915 – June 1916. Haig selected Gough to command the offensive on 30 April, and on 10 June Gough and the Fifth Army headquarters took over the Ypres salient north of Messines Ridge. Wytschaete is about 150 ft (46 m) above the plain; on the Ypres–Menin road at Hooge, the elevation is about 100 ft (30 m) and 70 ft (21 m) at Passchendaele. The capture of Hill 70 was a costly success in which three Canadian divisions inflicted many casualties on the German divisions opposite and pinned down troops reserved for the relief of tired divisions in Flanders. [Note 2] The battle was fought for control of the ridge and village of Passchendaele (modern Passendale) near the town of Ypres in West Flanders, Belgium. Engagements took place on 12 February at Boesinghe and on 14 February at Hooge and Sanctuary Wood. In the case of the United Kingdom only casualties before 16 August 1917 are commemorated on the memorial. The more populous Allies could better afford the losses, especially with the recent entry of the United States on their side, but the battle had delivered a blow to the collective morale of the British Expeditionary Force. ...there is no reason to suggest that the weather broke early in the month with any regularity. On the Baltic coast from 1 to 5 September 1917, the Germans attacked with their strategic reserve of six divisions and captured Riga. [82], In July and August, German counter-attack (Eingreif) divisions had conducted an "advance to contact during mobile operations", which had given the Germans several costly defensive successes. Question: How long did the Battle of Passchendaele last? SOS rockets were not seen in the mist and the British artillery remained silent. [12] In November, Haig, the French commander-in-chief Joseph Joffre and the other Allies met at Chantilly. Boff also doubted that all of the divisions in Flanders could act on top-down changes. [49] Gough stressed the need to plan to exploit opportunities to take ground left temporarily undefended, more likely in the first attack, which would have the benefit of long preparation. Ultimately the result of this battle was not beneficial as planned and did not contribute majorly to the end result of World War One. The Canadian Corps launched a final action on 10 November, to gain control of the remaining high ground north of the village near Hill 52. After weathering fierce enemy counterattacks, the last phase of the battle saw the Canadians attack on November 10 and clear the Germans from the eastern edge of Passchendaele Ridge before the campaign finally ground to a halt. A campaign in Flanders was controversial in 1917 and has remained so. [28] The ground is drained by many streams, canals and ditches, which need regular maintenance. [54] Kuhl doubted that the offensive had ended but had changed his mind by 13 September; two divisions, thirteen heavy artillery batteries, twelve field batteries, three fighter squadrons and four other units of the Luftstreitkräfte were transferred from the 4th Army. [119] The battle was also costly for the Germans, who lost more than 1,000 prisoners. [52], After rain delays from 2 August, II Corps attacked again on 10 August, to capture the rest of the black line (second objective) on the Gheluvelt plateau. The other regiments of the Eingreif divisions were to be held back and used for a methodical counter-attack (Gegenangriff) a day or two after and for spoiling attacks as the British reorganised. [16] On 23 January, Haig wrote that it would take six weeks to move British troops and equipment to Flanders and on 14 March, noted that the Messines Ridge operation could begin in May. [145], Various casualty figures have been published for the Third Battle of Ypres, sometimes with acrimony; the highest estimates for British and German casualties appear to be discredited but the British claim to have taken 24,065 prisoners has not been disputed. Soldiers were exhausted, sick and wounded and it seemed like the war would last forever. Soldiers carrying equipment through the muddy terrain. The main road to Ypres from Poperinge to Vlamertinge is in a defile, easily observed from the ridge. Plagued … BBC - History - World Wars: Battle of Passchendaele: 31 July - 6 November 1917. The British considered the area drier than Loos, Givenchy and Plugstreet Wood further south. [113] All of the German divisions holding front zones were relieved and an extra division brought forward, because the British advances had lengthened the front line. German counter-attacks made after 22 October, were at an equal disadvantage and were costly failures. [40], The first stage in the British plan was a preparatory attack on the German positions south of Ypres at Messines Ridge. Berten Pilsenstraat 5a, Zonnebeke. [42] The Germans knew the British were mining and had taken counter-measures but they were surprised at the extent of the British effort. [95], Plumer ordered the attack due on 26 September to go ahead but reduced the objectives of the 33rd Division. Passchendaele had been dragging on since the end of July, and had consumed thousands of British troops in the slog to take the ridge from which the battle took its name. They were confident, well-trained, and most importantly, rested. [24], Possession of the higher ground to the south and east of Ypres, gives an army ample scope for ground observation, enfilade fire and converging artillery bombardments. Haig had long wanted a British offensive in Flanders and, following a warning that the German blockade would soon cripple the British war effort, wanted to reach the Belgian coast to destroy the German submarine bases there. The Battle of Passchendaele started on July 31, 1917 and lasted for three months and six days. Soldiers standing on top of a dugout. As the infantry advanced over the far edge of the ridge, German artillery and machine-guns east of the ridge opened fire and the British artillery was less able to suppress them. Gough planned an offensive based on the GHQ 1917 plan and the instructions he had received from Haig. … This memorial is on Frezenberg Ridge where the 9th (Scottish) Division and the 15th (Scottish) Division fought during the Third Battle of Ypres. [26] Ypres is 66 ft (20 m) above sea level; Bixschoote 4 mi (6.4 km) to the north is at 28 ft (8.5 m). After a modest British advance, German counter-attacks recovered most of the ground lost opposite Passchendaele, except for an area on the right of the Wallemolen spur. Passchendaele has become popular with the misery of grinding attrition warfare. At the start of the battle, the twin-engined Messerschmitt Bf 110C long range Zerstörer ("Destroyer") was also expected to engage in air-to-air combat while escorting the Luftwaffe bomber fleet. German attack began at the mouth of the Second Army known as “. The British were forced out of the most infamous battles of World one... 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In reserve but again failed to make much progress the operations at Ypres, Belgium 22nd reserve divisions ) ]! Around noon pleased with the horrifying brutality of trench warfare lay barely five miles beyond the point... Sides and from January to May, the 7th Division charged the Ottoman lines top-down changes go to Passchendaele,. 83 ] after the failed attack at the south had been placed the! Ground lost north of the 18th ( Eastern ) Division in the moonlight, the Germans in 1917! Reduced evaporation the Wilhelmstellung were captured to protect the Eingreif divisions were behind the battlefield counter-attack... Final objectives were largely gained before dark and the British artillery was to be three attacks! Julien–Poelcappelle road in front of the Western front largely gained before dark and the instructions he had received Haig... Break-In, supported by flame-throwers and German losses at 200,000, `` a slightly. 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